Current Protocols

Editors & Contributors

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EDITORIAL BOARD

Serge L. Beaucage
Bethesda, MD

Donald E. Bergstrom
Purdue University

Piet Herdewijn
Rega Institute for Medical Research

Akira Matusda
Hokkaido University

PAST EDITORS

Gary D. Glick
University of Michigan

Roger A. Jones
Rutgers University

CONTRIBUTORS

Mikhail Abramov
Rega Institute for Medical Research
Leuven, Belgium

Sudhir Agrawal
Hybridon, Inc.
Cambridge, Massachusetts

Mohammad Ahmadian
Cerus Corporation
Concord, California

Yousef Ahmadibeni
University of Rhode Island
Kingston, Rhode Island

David Alazard
Gen-Probe, Inc.
San Diego, California

Lisa M. Albright
Allison Park, Pennsylvania

Alex Andrus
PE Applied Biosystems
Foster City, California

Ulysse Asseline
Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS
Orléans, France

Cristina Ausín
Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
Food and Drug Administration
Bethesda, Maryland

Mohamad Awada
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, Massachusetts

Jacqueline K. Barton
California Institute of Technology
Pasadena, California

J. L. Battiste
Harvard Medical School
Boston, Massachusetts

James R. Beadle
University of California, San Diego
La Jolla, California

Serge L. Beaucage
Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
Food and Drug Administration
Bethesda, Maryland

Markus Beier
Febit AG
Mannheim, Germany

Leonid Beigelman
InterMune
Brisbane, California

Sabine D. Bell
University of Texas
Austin, Texas

Laurent Bellon
Ribozyme Pharmaceuticals
Boulder, Colorado

Donald E. Bergstrom
Purdue University
West Lafayette, Indiana and Walther Cancer Institute
Indianapolis, Indiana

Philip C. Bevilacqua
The Pennsylvania State University
University Park, Pennsylvania

G. Reid Bishop
Mississippi College
Clinton, Mississippi

Georgii V. Bobkov
Russian Academy of Sciences
Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology
Moscow, Russia

Dale L. Boger
The Scripps Research Institute
La Jolla, California

Laurent Bonnac
Center for Drug Design
The University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota

Gian Maria Bonora
University of Trieste
Trieste, Italy

Alexandre S. Boutorine
Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle
Paris, France

Dwaine A. Braasch
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Dallas, Texas

Ronald R. Breaker
Yale University
New Haven, Connecticut

Michael Brenowitz
Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University
Bronx, New York

A. S. Brodsky
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
Boston, Massachusetts

Bernard R. Brooks
National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH
Bethesda, Maryland

Yury V. Bukhman
Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, Maryland

Cynthia J. Burrows
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, Utah

Sandra Carriero
McGill University
Montreal, Canada

Marvin H. Caruthers
University of Colorado
Boulder, Colorado

Colette M. Castleberry
University of Cincinnati
Cincinnati, Ohio

Thomas R. Cech
University of Colorado
Boulder, Colorado

Daniel W. Celander
Loyola University Chicago
Chicago, Illinois

Jonathan B. Chaires
University of Mississippi Medical Center
Jackson, Mississippi

Marie-Christine Chapeau
Vanderbilt University
Nashville, Tennessee

Thomas E. Cheatham III
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, Utah

Liqiang Chen
Center for Drug Design
The University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota

Marcin K. Chmielewski
Food and Drug Administration
Bethesda, Maryland

Chau-Wen Chou
Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center
New Orleans, Louisiana

Cindy J. Choy
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota

Jacek Ciéslak
Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
Food and Drug Administration
Bethesda, Maryland

Jesse C. Cochrane
Yale University
New Haven, Connecticut

Scott B. Cohen
University of Colorado
Boulder, Colorado

Robert S. Coleman
The Ohio State University
Columbus, Ohio

P. Dan Cook
Isis Pharmaceuticals
Carlsbad, California

David R. Corey
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Dallas, Texas

John E. Coughlin
Spring Bank Technologies
Milford, Massachusetts

Donald M. Crothers
Yale University
New Haven, Connecticut

Masad J. Damha
McGill University
Montreal, Canada

V. Jo Davisson
Purdue University
West Lafayette, Indiana

Laurent Debéthune
Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona
Barcelona, Spain

Peter C. Dedon
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, Massachusetts

Michael O. Delaney
ThermoFisher Scientific
Dharmacon Products
Lafayette, Colorado

Douglas J. Dellinger
Agilent Laboratories
Boulder, Colorado

Robert O. Dempcy
Epoch Biosciences
Bothell, Washington

Michael L. Deras
Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, Maryland

Amy M. Diegelman
University of Rochester
Rochester, New York

Alberto Di Salvo
Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry
Rega Institute for Medical Research
Leuven, Belgium

Chikara Dohno
Osaka University
Ibaraki, Japan

Jennifer A. Doudna
Yale University
New Haven, Connecticut

David E. Draper
Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, Maryland

Dan P. Drontle
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota

David Dukhan
Université Montpellier II
Montpellier, France

Ekaterina V. Efimtseva
Russian Academy of Sciences
Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology
Moscow, Russia

Andrew D. Ellington
University of Texas
Austin, Texas

Mohamed I. Elzagheid
McGill University
Montreal, Canada

David R. Engelke
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan

Christophe Escudé
Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle
Paris, France

Shiyue Fang
Purdue University
West Lafayette, Indiana and Walther Cancer Institute
Indianapolis, Indiana

Karen L. Fearon
Lynx Therapeutics
Hayward, California

Susana Fernández
Universidad de Oviedo
Oviedo, Spain

Adrian R. Ferré-D'Amaré
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
Seattle, Washington

Miguel Ferrero
Universidad de Oviedo
Oviedo, Spain

Yu Fu
National Chromatographic R & A Center
Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
Dalian, Chin

Mihoyo Fujitake
Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Osaka, Japan

Barbara L. Gaffney
Rutgers University
Piscataway, New Jersey

Michael J. Gait
Medical Research Council
Laboratory of Molecular Biology
Cambridge, United Kingdom

Guangyao Gao
The University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota

Javier García
Universidad de Oviedo
Oviedo, Spain

Gary D. Glick
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan

Thomas C. Gluick
Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, Maryland

Larry Gold
NeXstar Pharmaceuticals
Boulder, Colorado

Vicente Gotor
Universidad de Oviedo
Oviedo, Spain

Geoffrey R. Gough
Purdue University
West Lafayette, Indiana

Catherine Gouyette
Institut Pasteur
Paris, France

Andrzej Grajkowski
Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
Food and Drug Administration
Bethesda, Maryland

Anna Grandas
Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona
Barcelona, Spain

Marc M. Greenberg
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, Colorado

Piotr Guga
Polish Academy of Sciences
Lodz, Poland

Constance M. Harris
Vanderbilt University
Nashville, Tennessee

Dinari A. Harris
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan

Thomas M. Harris
Vanderbilt University
Nashville, Tennessee

Shinya Harusawa
Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Osaka, Japan

Yoshihiro Hayakawa
Nagoya University
Nagoya, Japan

Hikoya Hayatsu
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Okayama University
Tsushima, Okayama, Japan

Hanping He
Osaka University
Ibaraki, Japan

Alexander Heckel
University of Bonn
Bonn, Germany

M. Hennig
The Scripps Research Institute
La Jolla, California

Allison A. Henry
The Scripps Research Institute
La Jolla, California

Piet Herdewijn
Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry
Rega Institute for Medical Research
Leuven, Belgium

Naoko Hirose
AminoScience Laboratories
Ajinomoto Co.
Kanagawa, Japan

Claudia Höbartner
Leopold-Franzens University
Innsbruck, Austria

Michal Hocek
Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
Prague, Czech Republic

Jörg D. Hoheisel
Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum
Heidelberg, Germany

Antonin Holý
Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
Prague, Czech Republic

David Hot
Institute Pasteur de Lille
Lille, France

Jari Hovinen
PerkinElmer Life and Analytical Sciences
Turku, Finland

Mei Hua
Center for Drug Design
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota

Zhen Huang
Georgia State University
Atlanta, Georgia

Ludovic Huot
Institute Pasteur de Lille
Lille, France

Mamoru Hyodo
Nagoya University
Nagoya, Japan

Radhakrishnan P. Iyer
Spring Bank Technologies
Milford, Massachusetts

Kunisuke Izawa
AminoScience Laboratories
Ajinomoto Co.
Kanagawa, Japan

Lassi Jaakkola
PerkinElmer Life and Analytical Sciences
Turku, Finland

Brian A. Jackson
California Institute of Technology
Pasadena, California

David L. Jakeman
Dalhousie University
Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

Thomas L. James
University of California
San Francisco, California

Sulay Jhaveri
Naval Research Laboratory
Washington, D. C.

David C. Johnson II
Indiana University
Bloomington, Indiana

Roger A. Jones
Rutgers University
Piscataway, New Jersey

Robert J. Kaiser
ThermoFisher Scientific
Dharmacon Products
Lafayette, Colorado

Ekambar R. Kandimalla
Hybridon, Inc.
Cambridge, Massachusetts

Satoshi Katayama
AminoScience Laboratories
Ajinomoto Co.
Kanagawa, Japan

Tomohiko Kawate
Massachusetts General Hospital
Cambridge, Massachusetts

Elzbieta Kierzek
Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences
Poznan, Poland

Ryszard Kierzek
Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences
Poznan, Poland

David E. Kitchen
ThermoFisher Scientific
Dharmacon Products
Lafayette, Colorado

Douglas A. Klewer
Texas A&M University
College Station, Texas

Scott M. Knudsen
University of Texas
Austin, Texas

Peter A. Kollman
University of California
San Francisco, California

Eric T. Kool
Stanford University
Stanford, California

Vladimir A. Korshun
Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry
Moscow, Russia

Adam Kraszewski
Polish Academy of Sciences
Poznan, Poland

Christoph Kreutz
Leopold-Franzens University
Innsbruck, Austria

Robert G. Kuimelis
Phylos, Inc.
Lexington, Massachusetts

Irina V. Kulikova
Russian Academy of Sciences
Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology
Moscow, Russia

Takushi Kurihara
Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Osaka, Japan

Igor Kutyavin
Epoch Biosciences
Bothell, Washington

Irene M. Lagoja
Rega Institute for Medical Research
Leuven, Belgium

Kathrin Lang
Leopold-Franzens University
Innsbruck, Austria

Iván Lavandera
Universidad de Oviedo
Oviedo, Spain

Christian Lehmann
University of Lausanne
Lausanne, Switzerland

Yves Lemoine
Institute Pasteur de Lille
Lille, France

Michael Leuck
Proligo LLC
Boulder, Colorado

David M.J. Lilley
University of Dundee
Dundee, Scotland

Patrick A. Limbach
University of Cincinnati
Cincinnati, Ohio

Feng-Wu Liu
Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry
Rega Institute for Medical Research
Leuven, Belgium

Victor Livengood
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland

Sergey Lokhov
Epoch Biosciences
Bothell, Washington

Christian Lomholt
Exiqon A/S
Vedbaek, Denmark

Harri Lönnberg
University of Turku
Turku, Finland

Eugene Lukhtanov
Epoch Biosciences
Bothell, Washington

Matthew H. Lyttle
Biosearch Technologies, Inc.
Novato, California

Emily J. Maglott
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan

Maria Mangos
McGill University
Montreal, Canada

Vicente Marchán
Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona
Barcelona, Spain

Arnaud Marchand
Rega Institute for Medical Research
Leuven, Belgium

Lawrence J. Marnett
Vanderbilt University
Nashville, Tennessee

William S. Marshall
Dharmacon, Inc.
Lafayette, Colorado

Tokumi Maruyama
Tokushima Bunri University
Kagawa, Japan

David H. Mathews
University of Rochester
Rochester, New York

Shigeo Matsuda
The Scripps Research Institute
La Jolla, California

Larry W. McLaughlin
Boston College
Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts

Oleg Melnyk
Université de Lille 2
Lille, France

Albert Meyer
Université Montpellier
Montpellier, France

C. L. F. Meyers
Purdue University
West Lafayette, Indiana

Ronald Micura
Leopold-Franzens University
Innsbruck, Austria

Sergey N. Mikhailov
Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology
Russian Academy of Sciences
Moscow, Russia

Gregory P. Miller
Stanford University
Stanford, California

Tod J. Miller
Purdue University
West Lafayette, Indiana

Alan M. Morocho
Fidelity Systems, Inc.
Gaithersburg, Maryland

Holger Moroder
Leopold-Franzens University
Innsbruck, Austria

François Morvan
Université Montpellier
Montpellier, France

Jon D. Moulton
Gene Tools, LLC
Philomath, Oregon

Kazuhiko Nakatani
Osaka University
Ibaraki, Japan

Kazuo Negishi
Nihon Pharmaceutical University
Komuro, Ina, Saitama, Japan

Jeffrey S. Nelson
Lynx Therapeutics
Hayward, California

Robert J. Nelson
Dakota Scientific
Sioux Falls, South Dakota

Pei-Sze Ng
Purdue University
West Lafayette, Indiana

Christof M. Niemeyer
Universität Dortmund, Fachbereich Chemie
Dortmund, Germany

Christopher J. Nulf
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Dallas, Texas

Timothy O'Dea
Boston College
Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts

Akihiro Ohkubo
Tokyo Institute of Technology
Tokyo, Japan

Christophe Olivier
Université de Lille 2
Lille, France

Nathalie Olivier
Université de Lille 2
Lille, France

David Owen
Medical Research Council
Laboratory of Molecular Biology
Cambridge, United Kingdom

Seetharamaiyer Padmanabhan
Spring Bank Technologies
Milford, Massachusetts

Chensong Pan
National Chromatographic R & A Center
Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
Dalian, Chin

Tao Pan
University of Chicago
Chicago, Illinois

Krzysztof W. Pankiewicz
Center for Drug Design
The University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota

Keykavous Parang
University of Rhode Island
Kingston, Rhode Island

Steven E. Patterson
Center for Drug Design
The University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota

Enrique Pedroso
Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona
Barcelona, Spain

Xiaohua Peng
Universität Osnabrück
Osnabrück, Germany and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech)
Münster, Germany

Christian Périgaud
Université Montpellier
Montpellier, France

Suzanne Peyrottes
Université Montpellier
Montpellier, France

Wolfgang Pfleiderer
Konstanz University
Konstanz, Germany

Henrik M. Pfundheller
Exiqon A/S
Vedbaek, Denmark

Lawrence R. Phillips
National Cancer Institute
Frederick, Maryland

Claire Pierra
Université Montpellier II
Montpellier, France

Daniel S. Pilch
University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey
Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
Piscataway, New Jersey

Maneesh R. Pingle
Purdue University
West Lafayette, Indiana

Richard M. Pires
The Ohio State University
Columbus, Ohio

Stefan Pitsch
Institut de Chimie Organique, EPFL
Lausanne, Switzerland

Mark R. Player
Northern Arizona University
Flagstaff, Arizona

G. Eric Plum
Rutgers University
Piscataway, New Jersey

Mikhail A. Podyminogin
Epoch Biosciences
Bothell, Washington

Jack Pollard
Harvard University
Cambridge, Massachusetts

Lenore M. Polo
Louisiana State University
Baton Rouge, Louisiana

Nikolai N. Polushin
Fidelity Systems, Inc.
Gaithersburg, Maryland

Richard T. Pon
University of Calgary
Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Barbara Puffer
Leopold-Franzens University
Innsbruck, Austria

Nitin Puri
Ambion, an Applied Biosystems Business
Austin, Texas

Srinivasa Rao
Dionex Corporation
Sunnyvale, California

Michael W. Reed
Epoch Biosciences
Bothell, Washington

Colin B. Reese
King's College London
London, United Kingdom

Dominik Rejman
Center for Drug Design
The University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota

Chris Ricketts
ThermoFisher Scientific
Dharmacon Products
Lafayette, Colorado

Renate Rieder
Leopold-Franzens University
Innsbruck, Austria

Michael P. Robertson
University of Texas
Austin, Texas

Morris J. Robins
Brigham Young University
Provo, Utah

Andrei A. Rodionov
Russian Academy of Sciences
Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology
Moscow, Russia

Steven E. Rokita
University of Maryland
College Park, Maryland

Floyd E. Romesberg
The Scripps Research Institute
La Jolla, California

James Russell
Gen-Probe, Inc.
San Diego, California

Yogesh S. Sanghvi
Rasayan, Inc.
Encinitas, California

Stephen A. Scaringe
Dharmacon, Inc.
Lafayette, Colorado

Nathalie C. Schnetz-Boutaud
Vanderbilt University
Nashville, Tennessee

Miriam E. Schwartz
Purdue University
West Lafayette, Indiana

John A. Secrist III
Southern Research Institute
Birmingham, Alabama

Frank Seela
Universität Osnabrück
Osnabrück, Germany and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech)
Münster, Germany

Nadrian C. Seeman
New York University
New York, New York

Kohji Seio
Tokyo Institute of Technology
Tokyo, Japan

Mitsuo Sekine
Tokyo Institute of Technology
Yokohama, Japan

H. Seliger
University of Ulm
Ulm, Germany

Jia Sheng
Georgia State University
Atlanta, Georgia

Masahiko Shiraishi
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
International University of Health and Welfare
Kitakanemaru, Otawara, Tochigi, Japan

Peter Šilhár
Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
Prague, Czech Republic

Scott K. Silverman
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Urbana, Illinois

Barton E. Slatko
New England Biolabs
Beverly, Massachusetts

Mary K. Smalley
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Urbana, Illinois

Alan Smith
Stanford University
Stanford, California

Michal Sobkowski
Polish Academy of Sciences
Poznan, Poland

Jean-Pierre Sommadossi
Idenix Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Cambridge, Massachusetts

Tobin R. Sosnick
University of Chicago
Chicago, Illinois

Jacek Stawinski
Stockholm University Stockholm, Sweden and Polish Academy of Sciences
Poznan, Poland

Wojciech J. Stec
Polish Academy of Sciences
Lodz, Poland

Dmitry A. Stetsenko
Medical Research Council
Laboratory of Molecular Biology
Cambridge, United Kingdom

Scott A. Strobel
Yale University
New Haven, Connecticut

Roger Strömberg
Karolinska Institute
Stockholm, Sweden

Satoshi Takamatsu
AminoScience Laboratories
Ajinomoto Co.
Kanagawa, Japan

T. Andrew Taton
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota

J. R. Thayer
Dionex Corporation
Sunnyvale, California

Angela Thomas
ThermoFisher Scientific
Dharmacon Products
Lafayette, Colorado

Nguyen T. Thuong
Centre de Biophysique Moleculaire, CNRS
Orléans, France

Shannon C. Timmons
Dalhousie University
Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

Ignacio Tinoco, Jr.
University of California
Berkeley, California

Paul F. Torrence
Northern Arizona University
Flagstaff, Arizona

Winston C. Tse
Gilead Sciences
Foster City, California

Thomas D. Tullius
Boston University
Boston, Massachussetts

Douglas H. Turner
University of Rochester
Rochester, New York

John J. Turner
Medical Research Council
Laboratory of Molecular Biology
Cambridge, United Kingdom

Shin-nosuke Uno
Osaka University
Ibaraki, Japan

Arthur Van Aerschot
Rega Institute for Medical Research
Leuven, Belgium

Barry Vant-Hull
NeXstar Pharmaceuticals
Boulder, Colorado

Jean-Jacques Vasseur
Université Montpellier
Montpellier, France

Ekaterina Viazovkina
McGill University
Montreal, Canada

Robert Vince
Center for Drug Design
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota

Pasi Virta
University of Turku
Turku, Finland

Helmut Vorbrüggen
Free University Berlin
Berlin, Germany

Ron Wacker
Chimera Biotec GmbH
Dortmund, Germany

Carston R. Wagner
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota

Nils G. Walter
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan

Patrick A. Weiss
Xeragon AG
Zürich, Switzerland

Theodore S. Widlandski
Indiana University
Bloomington, Indiana

Andrzej Wilk
Food and Drug Administration
Bethesda, Maryland

Donna Williams
Medical Research Council
Laboratory of Molecular Biology
Cambridge, United Kingdom

J. R. Williamson
The Scripps Research Institute
La Jolla, California

Francine E. Wincott
Ribozyme Pharmaceuticals
Boulder, Colorado

Stanislaw F. Wnuk
Florida International University
Miami, Florida

Jia Liu Wolfe
Massachusetts General Hospital
Cambridge, Massachusetts

Andreas Wolter
Proligo LLC
Boulder, Colorado

Sarah A. Woodson
Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, Maryland

Weidong Wu
Purdue University
West Lafayette, Indiana

Songyun Xu
National Chromatographic R & A Center
Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
Dalian, Chin

Xiaolin Xu
Purdue University
West Lafayette, Indiana

Christina M. Yamada
University of Colorado
Boulder, Colorado

Tsuyoshi Yamamoto
Osaka University
Ibaraki, Japan

Mingliang Ye
National Chromatographic R & A Center
Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
Dalian, Chin

Alice Ylikoski
PerkinElmer Life and Analytical Sciences
Turku, Finland

Chengzhi Yu
The Scripps Research Institute
La Jolla, California

Zheng-yun Zhao
University of Dundee
Dundee, Scotland

Dominic A. Zichi
NeXstar Pharmaceuticals
Boulder, Colorado

William A. Ziehler
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan

Hanfa Zou
National Chromatographic R & A Center
Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
Dalian, Chin

Michael Zuker
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Troy, New York